Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends

Girmay Mengesha Aznaw

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

Review Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends

Girmay Mengesha Aznaw^*

Published in Composite Materials (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 7 November 2024 Accepted: 6 December 2024 Published: 7 January 2025

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Abstract

Composite materials have become a mainstay in modern engineering for their superior strength-to-weight ratios, durability, and versatility. This review covers the developments in composite structures over the last decade with a focus on recent advances concerning design and performance optimization, with emphasis on sustainability. The main focus is on hybrid and bio-based composites, novel geometric configurations, and advanced manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement. These further developments allow for greater customization, better load distribution, and more effective material use in industries. The review focuses on performance optimization in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and fire resistance. It discusses the recent advances in SHM technologies, with particular emphasis on those using embedded sensors and artificial intelligence, which will help in enhancing damage prediction and durability. Thermal resilience, especially in fire-retardant composites for aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications, is also discussed. Besides that, it presents a critical focus on the exploration of lifecycle analysis and current trends in composite recycling or the strategies for EoL. Recycling challenges of thermoset- and thermoplastic-based composites are assessed together with progress regarding renewable, low-carbon composite materials for eco-friendly solutions. This review emphasizes the vital contribution composites make to reducing emission levels and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and renewable energy. The study identifies technological and economic challenges and outlines future research directions to promote sustainable advances in composite technologies. Recommendations for industry and policymakers are put forward with a view to facilitating the development of lightweight, high-performance, and environmentally responsible composite materials. This review thus serves as a roadmap for researchers and professionals in the field to tap the full potential of composite materials across diverse applications, addressing design, performance, and sustainability.

Published in	Composite Materials (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
Page(s)	1-17
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Composite Materials, Structural Design, Performance Optimization, Sustainability in Engineering and Lightweight Structures

1. Introduction

Composite materials have revolutionized multiple engineering sectors due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, versatility, and durability. From aerospace to civil infrastructure and renewable energy, the demand for composite structures is growing as these materials meet the rising needs for lightweight, high-performance, and sustainable solutions. Unlike traditional materials such as steel or concrete, composites offer tailored mechanical properties and design flexibility, making them increasingly relevant in an era prioritizing both performance and sustainability.

1.1. Background and Significance of Composite Structures

Composite structures, composed of two or more constituent materials with distinct properties, provide unique advantages by synergizing the strengths of their individual components. This composition results in materials that exhibit superior properties, such as high specific strength, enhanced fatigue resistance, and remarkable resilience under extreme conditions. Consequently, composites have become a vital choice for industries aiming to achieve high durability, safety, and resource efficiency.

1.2. Recent Advancements in Composite Materials

In recent years, significant advancements in composite technology have opened new frontiers in design, performance, and sustainability. Innovations include:

1) New Materials: The development of hybrid composites and bio-based materials has introduced alternatives that cater to industry needs while being more sustainable.

2) Advanced Manufacturing: Techniques like additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement have improved fabrication accuracy and allowed for complex, customizable designs.

3) Performance Optimization: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and damage-predictive models are enhancing the longevity and reliability of composites, especially in critical applications.

These advancements are not only expanding the capabilities of composites but also driving their adoption in industries focused on reducing material weight, minimizing energy consumption, and enhancing environmental sustainability.

1.3. Sustainability Challenges and the Role of Composite Structures

As global priorities shift toward environmentally friendly practices, sustainability in composites has become increasingly important. Traditional composite materials, particularly those with non-recyclable thermoset matrices, have long presented challenges in recycling and disposal. However, recent research has focused on developing recyclable and renewable composites, promoting circular economy principles. Additionally, lifecycle assessment (LCA) methods now enable more accurate evaluations of composite structures' environmental impacts, supporting the adoption of eco-friendly practices in design and manufacturing.

1.4. Purpose of the Study and Scope of the Review

The purpose of this review is to systematically analyze and synthesize the latest research on composite structures, specifically focusing on:

1) Design Innovations: Examining the latest advances in composite material configurations, geometric designs, and manufacturing processes that enhance load distribution, adaptability, and material efficiency.

2) Performance Optimization: Investigating recent methods to improve durability, mechanical properties, and thermal resilience, alongside the integration of SHM technologies and predictive maintenance.

3) Sustainability Trends: Reviewing lifecycle analysis frameworks, recycling methods, and renewable material options to address the environmental challenges posed by composites.

This systematic review synthesizes findings from recent studies across these areas to provide a holistic view of the current state and emerging trends in composite structures. By identifying critical technological advancements, challenges, and future opportunities, this review seeks to inform researchers, engineers, and policymakers on the potential of composite materials to drive sustainable and high-performance solutions across various applications.

1.5. Research Objectives

The primary objectives of this systematic review are:

1) To evaluate design trends in composite structures that offer enhanced performance and reduced material use.

2) To analyze advancements in performance optimization, including damage tolerance and resilience under extreme conditions.

3) To assess recent progress in sustainable practices, such as recycling, renewable materials, and eco-design, that mitigates composites’ environmental impact.

4) To identify technological challenges and propose future research directions that align with industry needs for high-performance, sustainable composites.

2. Methodology

The methodology for this systematic review on Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design Innovations, Performance Optimization, and Sustainability Trends follows a rigorous and structured approach to ensure comprehensive coverage of recent literature on composite structures, emphasizing design, performance, and sustainability. This section outlines the search strategy, selection criteria, data extraction, and analytical methods used to synthesize findings.

2.1. Search Strategy

A thorough search strategy was implemented to identify relevant studies from peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and academic databases. Key databases used for this review included:

1) Scopus

2) Web of Science

3) IEEE Xplore

4) ScienceDirect

5) Google Scholar (as supplementary to capture recent gray literature)

The search terms focused on keywords related to composite structures and specific aspects of design, performance, and sustainability. Keywords included, but were not limited to, “composite structures,” “design innovations in composites,” “composite performance optimization,” “sustainability of composites,” “recyclable composites,” “Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in composites,” and “bio-based composite materials.”

Search Query Example:

1) "Composite Structures AND Design Innovations AND Sustainability Trends"

2) "Performance Optimization AND Structural Health Monitoring AND Composite Materials"

Boolean operators (AND, OR) were employed to expand or refine search queries, ensuring comprehensive coverage while maintaining relevance to the review's scope.

Table 1. Search strategy for Advances in Composite Structures.

Search Component	Keywords/Phrases	Database/Source	Filters/Limitations
Topic Definition	"Composite Structures" OR "Composite Materials"	Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science	2014-2024 (last 10 years)
Design	"Design Trends" OR "Structural Design"	Engineering Village, ScienceDirect	Peer-reviewed articles only
Performance	"Mechanical Performance" OR "Structural Performance"	IEEE Xplore, ASCE Library	English language only
Sustainability	"Sustainability in Composite Structures" OR "Eco-Friendly Composites"	JSTOR, Taylor & Francis Online	Exclude conference papers
Innovative Applications	"Novel Applications" OR "Advanced Applications"	SpringerLink, MDPI	Specific to construction industry
Review Articles	"Systematic Review" OR "Literature Review"	Google Scholar	Filter for reviews only
Emerging Trends	"Emerging Trends" OR "Future Directions"	ResearchGate	Last 5 years
Mechanical Properties	"Mechanical Properties of Composites"	Scopus, Web of Science	Exclude non-technical papers
Composite Manufacturing	"Manufacturing Techniques" OR "Production Methods"	Engineering Village	Focus on advancements

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

A two-step screening process was applied to determine the eligibility of articles based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria:

1) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals or reputable conference proceedings.

2) Studies published within the last decade to capture recent advancements (2014–2024).

3) Research explicitly focusing on design, performance optimization, or sustainability in composite structures.

4) Studies that provide experimental, computational, or theoretical insights relevant to the development of composite materials.

Exclusion Criteria:

1) Studies focused solely on traditional materials without relevance to composite structures.

2) Articles published before 2014, unless cited for historical context.

3) Non-English language articles, due to limitations in translation accuracy.

4) Reviews without primary data or meta-analyses that lack original contributions to the field.

Table 2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for Advances in Composite Structures.

Criteria	Inclusion	Exclusion
Publication Type	Peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and book chapters	Non-peer-reviewed articles, opinion pieces, editorials, and blogs
Language	English	Non-English publications
Time Frame	Publications from the last 10 years	Publications older than 10 years
Focus Area	Studies on design, performance, and sustainability of composite structures	Studies on non-composite structures or unrelated materials
Research Methodology	Empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and review papers	Abstracts without full-text access or unpublished works
Geographical Scope	Global studies or those focusing on specific regions of interest	Studies that are purely theoretical without practical application
Application Sector	Aerospace, automotive, construction, and civil engineering	Studies unrelated to engineering or composite materials
Material Types	Articles discussing polymer, metal, or hybrid composites	Studies focused on materials other than composites

3. Advances in Design Innovations of Composite Structures

The design of composite structures has undergone significant advancements in recent years, driven by the need for enhanced performance, adaptability, and sustainability. This section explores innovative design strategies, material configurations, and manufacturing processes that contribute to the evolution of composite structures.

3.1. Novel Geometric Designs

Innovative geometric configurations have played a critical role in optimizing the performance of composite structures. Recent studies have demonstrated how complex geometries can lead to improved load distribution, reduced weight, and enhanced structural efficiency.

Cellular and Hierarchical Structures: Cellular materials, such as lattice and honeycomb structures, have gained prominence in composite design. These structures provide high stiffness-to-weight ratios and energy absorption capabilities. For instance,

[1]

explored the use of lattice structures in 3D-printed composites, demonstrating their potential for weight reduction without compromising strength

[1]

The above figure 1 indicates that there is an illustration of various lattice structures typically used in lightweight composite applications, highlighting configurations that optimize both weight and strength, as seen in aerospace and automotive industries.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Example of lattice structures used in lightweight composite applications.

3.2. Material Developments

The development of new materials is essential for advancing composite structures. Key innovations include hybrid composites and bio-based materials.

1) Hybrid Composites: Hybrid composites combine different types of fibers (e.g., glass, carbon) to optimize mechanical properties and reduce costs. Research by

[2]

investigated hybrid composite laminates, revealing improved tensile and flexural properties compared to monolithic composites.

2) Bio-based Composites: The use of bio-based resins and natural fibers is gaining traction as industries seek more sustainable materials. Recent studies highlight advancements in developing composites from renewable sources. For example,

[3]

reported on the mechanical performance of composites made from bio-resins and natural fibers, showing their potential as eco-friendly alternatives.

3.3. Manufacturing Techniques

Advancements in manufacturing techniques have significantly impacted the design and fabrication of composite structures, enabling more complex and efficient designs.

1) Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): The adoption of additive manufacturing for composites allows for the production of intricate geometries that are not achievable through traditional methods. Recent works by

[4]

demonstrated how 3D printing can be employed to create customized composite structures with tailored mechanical properties

[4]

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. 3D printed composite structure showcasing complex geometries.

The figure shown in above indicates that there is the 3D rendering of a composite structure with complex geometries, showcasing the intricate designs achievable through 3D printing technology. The image highlights interlocking shapes, curved surfaces, and strategic voids, emphasizing the structural optimization possible with composite materials.

2) Automated Fiber Placement (AFP): AFP technology has revolutionized composite manufacturing by allowing for precise control over fiber orientation and placement. This technique enhances the structural integrity of composite laminates. Recent research by

[5]

highlighted improvements in the mechanical performance of AFP-manufactured composites compared to conventionally produced counterparts.

3.4. Integration of Computational Design Tools

The integration of computational design tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and topology optimization, has enabled engineers to predict and enhance the performance of composite structures effectively.

1) Finite Element Analysis (FEA): FEA allows for detailed simulations of composite behavior under various loading conditions. This approach facilitates the identification of optimal designs prior to manufacturing. Research by

[6]

demonstrated the effectiveness of FEA in predicting failure modes in composite structures, leading to improved design.

2) Topology Optimization: Topology optimization techniques are used to determine the best material layout within a given design space, minimizing weight while maximizing performance. Recent advancements in this area have been reported by

[7]

, showcasing the benefits of topology optimization in composite design for aerospace applications.

4. Performance Trends in Composite Structures

Performance optimization in composite structures has become a focal point of research and development, driven by the need for enhanced durability, reliability, and efficiency across various applications. This section discusses the key performance trends observed in composite materials, including advancements in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and integration of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technologies.

4.1. Mechanical Properties Enhancement

The mechanical properties of composite structures are critical determinants of their performance in demanding environments. Recent advancements have focused on enhancing key properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and fatigue resistance.

1) Hybridization of Materials: Research has shown that hybrid composites, which combine different types of fibers or matrix materials, can yield superior mechanical properties compared to traditional composites. For example, a study by

[8]

demonstrated that hybrid fiber composites exhibited improved tensile and flexural properties due to synergistic effects between the different fibers used.

Figure 3 shows that there is an illustration of hybrid fiber reinforced composite materials, showcasing a cross-sectional view with different fiber types, such as carbon and glass fibers, to illustrate their enhanced mechanical properties. Each layer and material type is visually distinct, with labels highlighting the fibers and matrix.

2) Nano-reinforcements: The incorporation of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, into composite matrices has led to significant improvements in strength, stiffness, and thermal properties.

[9]

Explored the impact of graphene oxide on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites, finding substantial enhancements in tensile and flexural strength.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. Illustration of hybrid fiber reinforced composite materials showing enhanced mechanical properties.

4.2. Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Resistance

Damage tolerance is a crucial performance metric for composite structures, particularly in applications where they are subjected to cyclic loading or impact.

1) Impact Resistance: Studies have focused on improving the impact resistance of composites through design and material innovations. For example, research by

[10]

highlighted the development of impact-resistant composites using layered structures and modified matrix materials, resulting in reduced damage propagation.

2) Fatigue Behavior: The fatigue performance of composites has been a significant area of research, with studies showing that the cyclic loading behavior can be influenced by factors such as fiber orientation and matrix properties. An investigation by

[11]

revealed that optimizing fiber orientations in laminate composites could enhance their fatigue life, providing insights into better design practices.

The figure shown in above indicates a composite material sample under cyclic loading in a testing machine. The setup includes grips, a load cell, and a control panel, with arrows indicating the direction of loading.

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Figure 4. Fatigue testing setup for evaluating the performance of composite materials under cyclic loading.

4.3. Integration of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)

The integration of SHM technologies has emerged as a vital trend in monitoring the performance and health of composite structures in real-time. SHM systems enable early detection of damage and facilitate predictive maintenance.

1) Sensor Technologies: Recent advancements in sensor technologies, such as fiber optic sensors and piezoelectric sensors, have enhanced the capabilities of SHM systems for composites. A study by

[33]

reviewed the application of embedded sensors in composite structures, demonstrating how these technologies can provide valuable data on stress, strain, and environmental conditions.

2) Data Analysis Techniques: The development of advanced data analysis methods, including machine learning algorithms, has improved the accuracy and reliability of damage detection in composite structures.

[12]

Applied machine learning techniques to analyze sensor data from composite structures, leading to more effective predictive maintenance.

The above figure 5 diagram illustrating a structural health monitoring (SHM) system integrated into a composite structure. The image shows embedded sensors, such as strain gauges, fiber optics, and acoustic emission sensors, connected to a data acquisition unit for real-time monitoring of structural integrity.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 5. Diagram illustrating a structural health monitoring system integrated into composite structures.

5. Sustainability Trends in Composite Structures

The push for sustainability in engineering and construction has significantly influenced the development of composite structures. This section explores the emerging trends in sustainability, focusing on eco-friendly materials, recycling technologies, life cycle assessment (LCA), and the role of regulations and standards in promoting sustainable practices.

5.1. Eco-Friendly Materials

The use of eco-friendly materials in composite structures is a prominent trend aimed at reducing environmental impact. Innovations in bio-based resins and natural fibers are at the forefront of this movement.

1) Bio-Based Resins: Research is increasingly focusing on the development of bio-based resins that replace traditional petroleum-based resins. A study by

[13]

investigated the performance of composite materials made from bio-resins derived from lignin and demonstrated comparable mechanical properties to conventional composites.

2) Figure 6 illustration of bio-based resin materials used in composite production, featuring representations of natural sources like plants and crops, as well as labeled resin samples that highlight eco-friendly options for sustainable composites.

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Figure 6. Bio-based resin materials used in composite production.

3) Natural Fibers: The integration of natural fibers, such as jute, hemp, and flax, into composite materials is gaining traction due to their renewability and lower carbon footprint. Research by

[14]

highlighted the potential of jute fibers in producing sustainable composites with satisfactory mechanical performance.

5.2. Recycling Technologies

Recycling of composite materials is crucial for achieving sustainability in composite manufacturing and usage. Recent advancements focus on methods to reclaim fibers and matrices from end-of-life composites.

1) Mechanical Recycling: Mechanical recycling techniques are being developed to process end-of-life composite products as shown in the figure 7 below which is the illustration of the mechanical recycling process for thermoset composite materials, showing each stage from shredding and grinding to sorting, with labels explaining each step and the challenges involved in recycling. A comprehensive review by

[15]

explored mechanical recycling processes for thermoset composites, presenting various approaches to reclaim fibers and matrices for reuse.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 7. Mechanical recycling process for thermoset composite materials.

2) Chemical Recycling: Chemical recycling methods are also emerging, which involve breaking down the polymer matrix into its original monomers. Research by

[16]

demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical recycling in recovering valuable fibers from thermosetting composites, offering a sustainable solution for end-of-life products.

5.3. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA is a vital tool for assessing the environmental impact of composite materials throughout their lifecycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 8. Life cycle assessment framework for evaluating composite materials.

LCA Applications: Recent studies have employed LCA to evaluate the sustainability of different composite materials and manufacturing processes. A study by

[17]

performed an LCA on bio-based composites, concluding that they can significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional composites.

5.4. Regulatory Frameworks and Standards

The establishment of regulations and standards plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability in composite structures. Compliance with environmental standards encourages manufacturers to adopt sustainable practices.

Standards Development: Organizations like ASTM International and ISO are actively developing standards that address sustainability in composites. A report by ASTM highlighted the need for standardized testing methods for the environmental performance of composite materials, providing guidance for manufacturers in adopting eco-friendly practices.

6. Cross-Industry Applications of Advanced Composite Structures

Advanced composite structures are increasingly being utilized across various industries due to their unique combination of lightweight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. This section highlights the diverse applications of composite materials in key sectors, including aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and marine industries.

6.1. Aerospace Industry

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 9. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) used in aircraft structures.

The aerospace sector is one of the leading adopters of advanced composite materials, leveraging their lightweight properties to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

1) Aircraft Structures: Composite materials are extensively used in primary and secondary structures of aircraft, such as wings, fuselage, and tail sections. A study by

[18]

demonstrated that the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in aircraft can lead to weight reductions of up to 20%, significantly improving fuel efficiency.

2) Space Applications: In the space industry, composites are crucial for components subjected to extreme conditions. Research by

[19]

highlighted the successful application of advanced composites in satellite structures, enabling weight savings and improved structural performance under thermal stress.

6.2. Automotive Industry

The automotive sector is rapidly incorporating advanced composites to reduce vehicle weight and enhance performance while improving fuel efficiency and lowering emissions.

1) Structural Components: Composites are used in various structural components, including chassis, body panels, and interior elements. A review by

[20]

discussed the adoption of composites in electric vehicles (EVs) to address weight concerns and improve battery efficiency.

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Figure 10. Use of composite materials in electric vehicle components.

2) Safety Features: Advanced composites are also employed in safety features such as crash structures and energy-absorbing components. A study by

[21]

demonstrated that incorporating composite materials in crash structures significantly improved energy absorption during impacts.

6.3. Civil Engineering

In civil engineering, advanced composites are increasingly used for retrofitting and strengthening existing structures, as well as in new construction.

1) Structural Reinforcement: Composites, such as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), are utilized for the rehabilitation of aging infrastructure. Research by

[22]

found that FRP wraps can significantly enhance the load-bearing capacity of concrete columns, extending their service life.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 11. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) used for reinforcing concrete columns.

The figure 11 illustrating fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) used to reinforce concrete columns, highlighting the material’s texture and application process in a construction site setting.

2) Bridge Construction: The use of advanced composites in bridge construction allows for lighter and more durable designs. A comprehensive study by

[23]

highlighted the benefits of using composite materials in bridge decks, showing reduced maintenance costs and improved lifespan.

6.4. Marine Industry

The marine sector also benefits from the unique properties of advanced composites, enhancing the performance and longevity of vessels.

1) Boat Construction: Composites are widely used in the construction of recreational and commercial boats, offering superior resistance to corrosion and lower maintenance requirements. A study by

[23]

examined the use of composite materials in high-performance sailing yachts, revealing enhanced strength-to-weight ratios

[23]

. The figure 12 showing advanced composites used in boat construction, highlighting the materials and assembly process within a workshop setting.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 12. Advanced composites used in boat construction.

2) Offshore Applications: In offshore structures, composites provide resistance to harsh environmental conditions, including saltwater and UV radiation. A report by

[25]

discussed the application of composites in offshore wind turbine components, highlighting their role in improving efficiency and reducing maintenance.

7. Challenges and Future Directions

The deployment of advanced composite structures, while promising, presents several technical, economic, and environmental challenges. Addressing these challenges is essential for maximizing the potential of composite materials in various industries. This section examines key issues in composite technology, including manufacturing complexities, cost concerns, recyclability, and the need for standardized testing. It also explores future directions that could pave the way for wider adoption and improved performance.

7.1. Manufacturing Complexities

One of the primary challenges in the use of composite materials is the complexity of manufacturing processes, particularly in achieving consistent quality and performance.

1) Process Variability: Variability in composite manufacturing processes can lead to inconsistencies in material properties. Research by

[26]

found that discrepancies in temperature control, curing times, and fiber alignment during production can significantly affect the strength and durability of composite.

2) Automated Fabrication: While automation offers potential solutions, particularly with robotic filament winding and automated fiber placement, these processes are still being refined. Efforts to improve automation can increase production efficiency but require substantial initial investments and specialized skills, as noted by

[27]

7.2. Cost Constraints

The high cost of raw materials and manufacturing remains a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of composites, especially in cost-sensitive industries.

1) Material Costs: Advanced fibers like carbon and aramid are costly, limiting their application primarily to high-performance sectors. A study by

[28]

reported that carbon fiber composites are up to five times more expensive than traditional materials, creating a financial hurdle for industries like automotive and

[28]

2) Production Costs: In addition to raw material expenses, the manufacturing of composites, especially for custom or small-batch production, remains costly. Advances in low-cost, high-volume production methods like Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) are promising but require further optimization to achieve cost-effectiveness at scale.

7.3. Recyclability and Environmental Concerns

Recycling composite materials is challenging due to the difficulty of separating fibers from the resin matrix, especially in thermoset composites.

1) Limited Recycling Methods: Current recycling methods, such as mechanical grinding and chemical processing, are not fully effective or economically viable for all composite types. Thermoset composites, in particular, pose recyclability challenges because they cannot be remelted. Research by

[29]

discussed that while pyrolysis and solvolysis offer potential recycling routes, they remain cost-prohibitive and require further development to be industrially viable

[29]

2) Environmental Impact: The environmental footprint of composite production, particularly in terms of energy use and emissions, is a growing concern. More eco-friendly alternatives, such as bio-based resins and natural fibers, show promise but often lack the durability of synthetic counterparts, presenting a trade-off between sustainability and performance.

7.4. Lack of Standardized Testing and Regulations

The absence of universal standards for composite testing, durability assessment, and environmental performance presents challenges for industries seeking to implement composite structures.

1) Testing Standards: Standardized methods for testing composite materials under various environmental and load conditions are still under development. The International Standards Organization (ISO) and ASTM are working toward composite-specific standards, but a lack of uniformity can hinder cross-industry adoption and material certification.

2) Regulatory Barriers: Regulatory approval processes can be lengthy, especially for safety-critical applications like aerospace and automotive. Without clear and standardized regulations, companies often face delays in bringing new composite technologies to market.

7.5. Future Directions

To overcome these challenges, future research and development should focus on advancing material science, improving recycling technologies, and creating more robust regulatory frameworks.

1) Development of Hybrid Composites: Hybrid composites, which combine multiple types of fibers or resins, are an emerging area of research. These materials offer the potential to balance performance and cost, enhancing flexibility in applications. For example, the combination of carbon and glass fibers has shown promise in improving durability while reducing costs

[30]

2) Advancements in Recycling Techniques: As recycling technology advances, new methods such as depolymerization and self-healing materials may offer solutions for recovering both fibers and resin from composite structures. A recent study by

[31]

highlighted a promising approach using microbial degradation of thermoset resins, paving the way for sustainable disposal options.

3) Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing: AI-driven optimization tools for composite manufacturing processes, including machine learning algorithms for quality control, could help address manufacturing inconsistencies. AI-based monitoring systems are being developed to predict defects and improve process control, as noted by

[32]

, which can enhance production efficiency and reduce waste.

4) Enhanced Simulation and Modeling: Advances in computational modeling are making it possible to simulate the behavior of composite materials under complex loads and environmental conditions. These tools allow engineers to optimize designs and predict material performance more accurately, reducing the need for costly physical testing.

8. Conclusion

Composite materials have transformed modern engineering and design, offering an unmatched combination of lightweight properties, high strength, and adaptability across industries. This systematic review on advances in the design, performance, and sustainability trends of composite structures highlights the substantial progress in composite innovation, demonstrating that these materials are essential for future technological advancement. However, several challenges, including high production costs, complex manufacturing processes, recyclability issues, and the need for standardization, continue to limit their full potential.

In terms of design, advancements have enabled engineers to develop composites with tailored properties, optimized for specific applications across the aerospace, automotive, and construction sectors. With improved fiber arrangements, hybrid materials, and new processing techniques, composite structures are increasingly resilient and versatile. Performance enhancements have similarly pushed the boundaries of composites, as novel material configurations allow for exceptional durability, energy absorption, and thermal stability. This makes composites highly desirable for applications requiring both high performance and reliability.

Sustainability has emerged as a critical area, with increasing emphasis on recyclable and eco-friendly composites. The development of bio-based and biodegradable composites and innovations in recycling technology are promising steps toward reducing the environmental impact of composite structures, although substantial work remains to make these solutions industrially viable.

Challenges related to cost, complex fabrication, recycling limitations, and the need for standard testing protocols present barriers that require targeted research. Future directions should focus on expanding cost-effective production techniques, advancing recycling methods, and developing composite-specific regulations to encourage wider adoption. Furthermore, emerging technologies like AI-driven design optimization, advanced computational modeling, and automation in manufacturing offer promising avenues for overcoming current limitations, enhancing both performance and efficiency.

In conclusion, composite materials stand at the forefront of material science innovation, with the potential to reshape how industries approach structural design, sustainability, and performance. Continued research and development in these areas will not only address existing challenges but also open new applications, driving the sustainable growth of composite technology.

Abbreviations

SHM	Structural Health Monitoring
LCA	lifecycle Assessment
AFP	Automated Fiber Placement
CFRP	Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics
CNTs	Carbon Nanotubes
AI	Artificial Intelligence
FEA	Finite Element Analysis
FRP	Fiber-reinforced Polymer

Author Contributions

Girmay Mengesha Azanaw is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Declaration

Declaration Statement

I must verify the accuracy of the following information as the article's author.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

The content of this article does not necessitate ethical approval or consent to participate with supporting documentation.

Data Access Statement and Material Availability

The adequate resources of this article are publicly accessible.

Funding

This article has not been funded by any organizations or agencies. This independence ensures that the research is conducted with objectivity and without any external influence.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix

Table A1. Comparison of Composite Materials in Structural Applications.

Material Type	Primary Applications	Mechanical Properties	Environmental Impact	Cost
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)	Aerospace, Automotive, Wind Turbines	High tensile strength, lightweight, high stiffness	Low recyclability, high energy consumption in production	High
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)	Construction, Marine, Automotive	Moderate tensile strength, good impact resistance	Moderate recyclability, lower energy use than CFRP	Moderate
Natural Fiber Composites (e.g., flax, hemp)	Automotive, Construction, Consumer Goods	Moderate strength, good damping, lower density	High biodegradability, renewable, lower environmental impact	Low
Kevlar Reinforced Polymer	Defense, Aerospace, Sporting Goods	High impact resistance, lightweight	Low recyclability, moderate environmental impact	High
Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)	Marine, Construction, Infrastructure	Good chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance	Lower environmental impact, more sustainable production	Moderate
Hybrid Composites (e.g., CFRP-GFRP)	Automotive, Aerospace, Sports Equipment	Combination of high stiffness and impact resistance	Varies by materials used, typically low recyclability	High

Table A2. Performance Metrics Across Composite Structures.

Performance Criteria	Composite Material	Typical Applications	Metric Values	Testing Standards	Advantages	Limitations
Tensile Strength	CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	Aerospace, Automotive, Wind Turbines	500-1000 MPa	ASTM D3039, ISO 527	High strength-to-weight ratio	Expensive, low impact resistance
Impact Resistance	GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	Marine, Construction	25-100 J	ASTM D256, ISO 179	Cost-effective, good impact resistance	Moderate strength, prone to cracking
Thermal Stability	BFRP (Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	Infrastructure, Construction	600-800°C	ISO 11357, ASTM E1354	Excellent heat resistance, fire retardant	Limited flexibility, higher density
Fatigue Resistance	Hybrid Composites (e.g., CFRP-GFRP)	Aerospace, Automotive	10⁶ cycles at 50% ultimate tensile strength	ASTM D7791, ISO 13003	Good balance of strength and impact resistance	Expensive, complex manufacturing
Density	Natural Fiber Composites (e.g., Flax, Hemp)	Automotive, Construction, Consumer Goods	1.2-1.5 g/cm³	ISO 1183	Lightweight, renewable resources	Lower strength, sensitive to moisture
Damping Capacity	Kevlar Reinforced Polymer	Defense, Sporting Goods	High damping coefficient	ASTM E756	Excellent vibration absorption	Expensive, challenging to recycle

Table A3. Sustainability Assessment of Composite Manufacturing Processes.

Manufacturing Process	Energy Consumption	Waste Generation	CO₂ Emissions	Recyclability	Environmental Benefits	Limitations
Autoclave Molding	High (up to 200 kWh/kg of material)	Low (tightly controlled process)	High	Low (difficult to recycle cured composites)	Precise control, high-quality parts	High energy use, costly equipment
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)	Moderate	Moderate (requires resin excess)	Moderate	Low to Moderate	Less energy-intensive than autoclave	Limited to specific shapes, resin waste
Pultrusion	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Continuous, automated process; efficient material use	Limited design flexibility
Compression Molding	Moderate	High (significant material trimming)	Moderate	Low to Moderate	Good for high-volume production, reduced cycle time	Generates substantial trim waste
Filament Winding	Moderate to High	Moderate	Moderate to High	Moderate	Excellent for cylindrical parts; automated process	Limited to simple shapes
3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)	Moderate to Low	Very Low (minimal material waste)	Low to Moderate	High (can use recycled materials)	Minimizes waste, customizable design	Limited scalability, slower production
Hand Lay-Up	Low	High (significant resin and fabric waste)	Moderate	Low (waste often non-recyclable)	Simple setup, low initial costs	Labor-intensive, inconsistent quality

Table A4. Trends in Composite Structure Design Approaches.

Design Approach	Description	Application Area	Benefits	Challenges	Notable Examples
Topology Optimization	Uses algorithms to optimize material layout for strength while minimizing weight	Aerospace, Automotive, Construction	Lightweight designs, material efficiency	High computational requirements	Aircraft wing ribs, automotive parts
Biomimicry	Draws inspiration from nature to create highly efficient structures	Architecture, Marine, Aerospace	Enhanced strength-to-weight ratio, resilience	Complexity in design and manufacturing	Honeycomb panels, bone-inspired structures
Multi-Material Design	Combines different materials to exploit unique properties of each	Aerospace, Wind Energy	Tailored properties (strength, flexibility)	Bonding and compatibility issues	Hybrid composite structures in wind turbines
Smart Composite Integration	Embeds sensors or actuators within composites for self-monitoring capabilities	Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Defense	Real-time monitoring, adaptive response	Increased manufacturing complexity	Self-sensing bridges, adaptive marine hulls
Gradient-Based Materials	Varies material properties within a single component for optimized stress distribution	Biomedical, Automotive, Aerospace	Enhanced durability, localized strength	Difficult to manufacture, costly	Bone-mimetic implants, variable-stiffness car panels
Additive Manufacturing for Custom Composites	3D printing of composites for complex geometries and rapid prototyping	Prototyping, Aerospace, Sporting Goods	High customization, minimal waste	Limited scalability, slow production	Aerospace prototypes, customized sports equipment
Sustainable Material Sourcing	Incorporates bio-based or recycled fibers to reduce environmental impact	Automotive, Construction	Reduces environmental footprint, renewable	Lower mechanical properties, durability concerns	Hemp fiber car panels, recycled-fiber construction boards

Table A5. Lifecycle Analysis of Composite Structures Across Industries.

Industry	Composite Type	Expected Lifecycle (Years)	Maintenance Requirements	End-of-Life Considerations	Environmental Impact	Example Applications
Aerospace	CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	30-50	Regular inspections, damage repair	Difficult to recycle, typically landfilled or incinerated	High due to non-recyclability and energy-intensive production	Aircraft fuselages, wing structures
Automotive	GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	10-20	Moderate, occasional repairs	Limited recycling, potential for downcycling	Moderate; reduced weight improves fuel efficiency but limited end-of-life options	Body panels, chassis components
Wind Energy	Hybrid Composites (e.g., CFRP-GFRP)	20-25	Annual inspections, blade repair	Large disposal challenges, recycling options under development	High due to landfill waste; emerging recycling initiatives	Wind turbine blades
Construction	BFRP (Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer)	50+	Minimal, primarily corrosion inspection	Often used as non-recyclable structural waste	Lower overall impact; more sustainable production than CFRP	Rebar for concrete reinforcement, panels
Marine	GFRP, CFRP	20-40	Moderate to high; frequent maintenance in harsh environments	Limited recycling; parts may be incinerated or landfilled	High due to challenging disposal and environmental exposure	Boat hulls, offshore structures
Sports & Recreation	Kevlar Reinforced Polymer	5-15	Minimal, primarily for high-impact items	Typically non-recyclable; items often discarded	Moderate to high; short lifecycle and disposal challenges	Helmets, protective gear
Consumer Goods	Natural Fiber Composites	5-10	Low; generally limited to aesthetics	High biodegradability, often compostable	Low due to renewable materials; eco-friendly disposal options	Furniture, consumer electronics cases

Table A6. Advances in Composite Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).

SHM Technique	Description	Sensor Type	Benefits	Limitations	Typical Applications
Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)	Utilizes fiber optic cables to monitor strain, temperature, and vibration in real-time	Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), Distributed Sensing	High sensitivity, lightweight, immune to electromagnetic interference	Expensive, fragile, requires complex data interpretation	Aerospace structures, wind turbine blades, bridges
Acoustic Emission (AE) Monitoring	Detects sound waves emitted by crack formation or delamination in composites	Piezoelectric transducers	Early damage detection, monitors in real-time	Sensitive to noise, limited to active damage	Aerospace, automotive, pressure vessels
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)	Uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws in composite materials	Contact and non-contact transducers	High accuracy in locating defects, non-destructive	Requires surface access, time-consuming for large structures	Aerospace wings, automotive parts, pressure vessels
Electromagnetic Sensing	Applies eddy currents or other electromagnetic fields to detect surface and near-surface defects	Eddy Current Sensors, Magnetic Sensors	Non-contact, effective on conductive composites	Limited to conductive materials, low depth penetration	Marine structures, automotive panels
Embedded Sensor Networks	Embeds multiple sensor types (strain, temperature, etc.) within composite layers during manufacturing	Embedded strain gauges, thermocouples	Monitors multiple parameters simultaneously, real-time health data	Can affect composite integrity, challenging sensor placement	Aerospace, civil engineering, high-performance sports equipment
Machine Learning-Based SHM	Uses algorithms to predict damage progression and classify structural health states	Varies (depends on integrated sensors)	Automated damage detection, predictive maintenance	Requires large data sets, computationally intensive	Wind energy, aerospace, building infrastructure
Thermography	Employs infrared cameras to detect heat patterns indicative of defects like delamination	Infrared Cameras, Thermal Imaging Sensors	Non-contact, quick assessment, useful for large areas	Limited depth penetration, affected by environmental conditions	Aerospace fuselages, wind turbine blades, construction
Vibration-Based Monitoring	Measures vibration signatures to detect stiffness changes due to damage	Accelerometers, Laser Doppler Vibrometers	Effective for early damage detection, non-destructive	Sensitive to external vibrations, requires baseline data	Bridges, high-rise buildings, vehicle frames

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Figure A1. Trends in Composite Material Innovation over Time.

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Aznaw, G. M. (2025). Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Composite Materials, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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Aznaw, G. M. Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Compos. Mater. 2025, 9(1), 1-17. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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Aznaw GM. Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Compos Mater. 2025;9(1):1-17. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11,
  author = {Girmay Mengesha Aznaw},
  title = {Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends
},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20250901.11},
  abstract = {Composite materials have become a mainstay in modern engineering for their superior strength-to-weight ratios, durability, and versatility. This review covers the developments in composite structures over the last decade with a focus on recent advances concerning design and performance optimization, with emphasis on sustainability. The main focus is on hybrid and bio-based composites, novel geometric configurations, and advanced manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement. These further developments allow for greater customization, better load distribution, and more effective material use in industries. The review focuses on performance optimization in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and fire resistance. It discusses the recent advances in SHM technologies, with particular emphasis on those using embedded sensors and artificial intelligence, which will help in enhancing damage prediction and durability. Thermal resilience, especially in fire-retardant composites for aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications, is also discussed. Besides that, it presents a critical focus on the exploration of lifecycle analysis and current trends in composite recycling or the strategies for EoL. Recycling challenges of thermoset- and thermoplastic-based composites are assessed together with progress regarding renewable, low-carbon composite materials for eco-friendly solutions. This review emphasizes the vital contribution composites make to reducing emission levels and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and renewable energy. The study identifies technological and economic challenges and outlines future research directions to promote sustainable advances in composite technologies. Recommendations for industry and policymakers are put forward with a view to facilitating the development of lightweight, high-performance, and environmentally responsible composite materials. This review thus serves as a roadmap for researchers and professionals in the field to tap the full potential of composite materials across diverse applications, addressing design, performance, and sustainability.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends

AU  - Girmay Mengesha Aznaw
Y1  - 2025/01/07
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 1
EP  - 17
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
AB  - Composite materials have become a mainstay in modern engineering for their superior strength-to-weight ratios, durability, and versatility. This review covers the developments in composite structures over the last decade with a focus on recent advances concerning design and performance optimization, with emphasis on sustainability. The main focus is on hybrid and bio-based composites, novel geometric configurations, and advanced manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement. These further developments allow for greater customization, better load distribution, and more effective material use in industries. The review focuses on performance optimization in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and fire resistance. It discusses the recent advances in SHM technologies, with particular emphasis on those using embedded sensors and artificial intelligence, which will help in enhancing damage prediction and durability. Thermal resilience, especially in fire-retardant composites for aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications, is also discussed. Besides that, it presents a critical focus on the exploration of lifecycle analysis and current trends in composite recycling or the strategies for EoL. Recycling challenges of thermoset- and thermoplastic-based composites are assessed together with progress regarding renewable, low-carbon composite materials for eco-friendly solutions. This review emphasizes the vital contribution composites make to reducing emission levels and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and renewable energy. The study identifies technological and economic challenges and outlines future research directions to promote sustainable advances in composite technologies. Recommendations for industry and policymakers are put forward with a view to facilitating the development of lightweight, high-performance, and environmentally responsible composite materials. This review thus serves as a roadmap for researchers and professionals in the field to tap the full potential of composite materials across diverse applications, addressing design, performance, and sustainability.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Girmay Mengesha Aznaw

Civil Engineering Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

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http://orcid.org/0009-0009-7187-6572

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Aznaw, G. M. (2025). Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Composite Materials, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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Aznaw, G. M. Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Compos. Mater. 2025, 9(1), 1-17. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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Aznaw GM. Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends. Compos Mater. 2025;9(1):1-17. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11,
  author = {Girmay Mengesha Aznaw},
  title = {Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends
},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20250901.11},
  abstract = {Composite materials have become a mainstay in modern engineering for their superior strength-to-weight ratios, durability, and versatility. This review covers the developments in composite structures over the last decade with a focus on recent advances concerning design and performance optimization, with emphasis on sustainability. The main focus is on hybrid and bio-based composites, novel geometric configurations, and advanced manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement. These further developments allow for greater customization, better load distribution, and more effective material use in industries. The review focuses on performance optimization in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and fire resistance. It discusses the recent advances in SHM technologies, with particular emphasis on those using embedded sensors and artificial intelligence, which will help in enhancing damage prediction and durability. Thermal resilience, especially in fire-retardant composites for aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications, is also discussed. Besides that, it presents a critical focus on the exploration of lifecycle analysis and current trends in composite recycling or the strategies for EoL. Recycling challenges of thermoset- and thermoplastic-based composites are assessed together with progress regarding renewable, low-carbon composite materials for eco-friendly solutions. This review emphasizes the vital contribution composites make to reducing emission levels and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and renewable energy. The study identifies technological and economic challenges and outlines future research directions to promote sustainable advances in composite technologies. Recommendations for industry and policymakers are put forward with a view to facilitating the development of lightweight, high-performance, and environmentally responsible composite materials. This review thus serves as a roadmap for researchers and professionals in the field to tap the full potential of composite materials across diverse applications, addressing design, performance, and sustainability.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Advances in Composite Structures: A Systematic Review of Design, Performance, and Sustainability Trends

AU  - Girmay Mengesha Aznaw
Y1  - 2025/01/07
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 1
EP  - 17
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20250901.11
AB  - Composite materials have become a mainstay in modern engineering for their superior strength-to-weight ratios, durability, and versatility. This review covers the developments in composite structures over the last decade with a focus on recent advances concerning design and performance optimization, with emphasis on sustainability. The main focus is on hybrid and bio-based composites, novel geometric configurations, and advanced manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing and automated fiber placement. These further developments allow for greater customization, better load distribution, and more effective material use in industries. The review focuses on performance optimization in mechanical properties, damage tolerance, and fire resistance. It discusses the recent advances in SHM technologies, with particular emphasis on those using embedded sensors and artificial intelligence, which will help in enhancing damage prediction and durability. Thermal resilience, especially in fire-retardant composites for aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications, is also discussed. Besides that, it presents a critical focus on the exploration of lifecycle analysis and current trends in composite recycling or the strategies for EoL. Recycling challenges of thermoset- and thermoplastic-based composites are assessed together with progress regarding renewable, low-carbon composite materials for eco-friendly solutions. This review emphasizes the vital contribution composites make to reducing emission levels and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, and renewable energy. The study identifies technological and economic challenges and outlines future research directions to promote sustainable advances in composite technologies. Recommendations for industry and policymakers are put forward with a view to facilitating the development of lightweight, high-performance, and environmentally responsible composite materials. This review thus serves as a roadmap for researchers and professionals in the field to tap the full potential of composite materials across diverse applications, addressing design, performance, and sustainability.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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