Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital

Elias Elema Guyo; Tum Isaac Kipkosgei; Mathew Kosgei

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital

Elias Elema Guyo, Tum Isaac Kipkosgei, Mathew Kosgei

Published in American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 19 June 2023 Accepted: 6 July 2023 Published: 17 July 2023

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Abstract

Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar, is a tropical infectious disease caused by female sandflies. It affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Globally, an estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. In Kenya, 4000 cases occur while 5 million people are at risk of infection. The purpose of the study was to evaluate risk factors for visceral Leishmaniasis. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data from 2890 visceral leishmaniasis patients enrolled at Marsabit County referral hospital from September 2015 to September 2019. Cox proportional hazard model was used to establish the relationship between the survival time of visceral leishmaniasis patients and predictor variables. Data analysis was carried out using R statistical software. The risk factors which were significant predictors for survival time of visceral Leishmaniasis patients included; household design (cracked walls and thatched roof) [β =.435, p=.0001], living near anthills [β =.320, p=.0012], using bed nets [β= -.151, p=.0080], contact with infected dogs [β =.200, p=.0006], forest surroundings [β=.151, p=.0340] and sleeping outside at night [β =.169, p=.0260]. In conclusion, there was an increased case of visceral Leishmaniasis among patients who are not using bed nets, those living in cracked mud walls, those living near the forest, residing near ant hills, sleeping outside, and those in contact with infected dogs. The study recommended adopting appropriate practices such as avoiding contact with infected dogs, using bed nets at night, clearing forests surrounding homesteads, avoiding sleeping in the open at night, and reducing house proximity to ant hills and termite mounds to reduce the transmission from Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Published in	American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
Page(s)	82-86
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Risk Factors, Survival Probabilities, Visceral Leishmaniasis

References

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[3]	Kanyina, E. W. (2020). Characterization of visceral leishmaniasis outbreak, Marsabit County, Kenya, 2014. BMC Public Health, 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08532-9
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[6]	Mengesha, B., Endris, M., Takele, Y., Mekonnen, K., Tadesse, T., Feleke, A., & Diro, E. (2014). Prevalence of malnutrition and associated risk factors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 7 (1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-75
[7]	Moncaz, A., Faiman, R., Kirstein, O., & Warburg, A. (2012). Breeding sites of Phlebotomus sergenti, the sand fly vector of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Judean desert. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6 (7), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001725
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[10]	Odoch, W. D., & Olobo, J. O. (2013). Prevalence of kala-azar infection in Pokot county, Amudat district, Northeastern Uganda. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 03 (04), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2013.34029
[11]	Thompson, R. A., De Oliveira Lima, J. W., Maguire, J. H., Braud, D. H., & Scholl, D. T. (2002). Climatic and demographic determinants of American visceral Leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil using remote sensing technology for environmental categorization of rain and region influences on Leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67 (6), 648–655. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.648
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APA Style

Elias Elema Guyo, Tum Isaac Kipkosgei, Mathew Kosgei. (2023). Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 12(4), 82-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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ACS Style

Elias Elema Guyo; Tum Isaac Kipkosgei; Mathew Kosgei. Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2023, 12(4), 82-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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AMA Style

Elias Elema Guyo, Tum Isaac Kipkosgei, Mathew Kosgei. Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2023;12(4):82-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13,
  author = {Elias Elema Guyo and Tum Isaac Kipkosgei and Mathew Kosgei},
  title = {Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {82-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  abstract = {Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar, is a tropical infectious disease caused by female sandflies. It affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Globally, an estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. In Kenya, 4000 cases occur while 5 million people are at risk of infection. The purpose of the study was to evaluate risk factors for visceral Leishmaniasis. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data from 2890 visceral leishmaniasis patients enrolled at Marsabit County referral hospital from September 2015 to September 2019. Cox proportional hazard model was used to establish the relationship between the survival time of visceral leishmaniasis patients and predictor variables. Data analysis was carried out using R statistical software. The risk factors which were significant predictors for survival time of visceral Leishmaniasis patients included; household design (cracked walls and thatched roof) [β =.435, p=.0001], living near anthills [β =.320, p=.0012], using bed nets [β= -.151, p=.0080], contact with infected dogs [β =.200, p=.0006], forest surroundings [β=.151, p=.0340] and sleeping outside at night [β =.169, p=.0260]. In conclusion, there was an increased case of visceral Leishmaniasis among patients who are not using bed nets, those living in cracked mud walls, those living near the forest, residing near ant hills, sleeping outside, and those in contact with infected dogs. The study recommended adopting appropriate practices such as avoiding contact with infected dogs, using bed nets at night, clearing forests surrounding homesteads, avoiding sleeping in the open at night, and reducing house proximity to ant hills and termite mounds to reduce the transmission from Visceral Leishmaniasis.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital
AU  - Elias Elema Guyo
AU  - Tum Isaac Kipkosgei
AU  - Mathew Kosgei
Y1  - 2023/07/17
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
SP  - 82
EP  - 86
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9006
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
AB  - Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar, is a tropical infectious disease caused by female sandflies. It affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Globally, an estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. In Kenya, 4000 cases occur while 5 million people are at risk of infection. The purpose of the study was to evaluate risk factors for visceral Leishmaniasis. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data from 2890 visceral leishmaniasis patients enrolled at Marsabit County referral hospital from September 2015 to September 2019. Cox proportional hazard model was used to establish the relationship between the survival time of visceral leishmaniasis patients and predictor variables. Data analysis was carried out using R statistical software. The risk factors which were significant predictors for survival time of visceral Leishmaniasis patients included; household design (cracked walls and thatched roof) [β =.435, p=.0001], living near anthills [β =.320, p=.0012], using bed nets [β= -.151, p=.0080], contact with infected dogs [β =.200, p=.0006], forest surroundings [β=.151, p=.0340] and sleeping outside at night [β =.169, p=.0260]. In conclusion, there was an increased case of visceral Leishmaniasis among patients who are not using bed nets, those living in cracked mud walls, those living near the forest, residing near ant hills, sleeping outside, and those in contact with infected dogs. The study recommended adopting appropriate practices such as avoiding contact with infected dogs, using bed nets at night, clearing forests surrounding homesteads, avoiding sleeping in the open at night, and reducing house proximity to ant hills and termite mounds to reduce the transmission from Visceral Leishmaniasis.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Elias Elema Guyo

Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
Tum Isaac Kipkosgei

Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
Mathew Kosgei

Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya

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APA Style

Elias Elema Guyo, Tum Isaac Kipkosgei, Mathew Kosgei. (2023). Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 12(4), 82-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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ACS Style

Elias Elema Guyo; Tum Isaac Kipkosgei; Mathew Kosgei. Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2023, 12(4), 82-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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AMA Style

Elias Elema Guyo, Tum Isaac Kipkosgei, Mathew Kosgei. Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2023;12(4):82-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13,
  author = {Elias Elema Guyo and Tum Isaac Kipkosgei and Mathew Kosgei},
  title = {Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {82-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20231204.13},
  abstract = {Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar, is a tropical infectious disease caused by female sandflies. It affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Globally, an estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. In Kenya, 4000 cases occur while 5 million people are at risk of infection. The purpose of the study was to evaluate risk factors for visceral Leishmaniasis. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data from 2890 visceral leishmaniasis patients enrolled at Marsabit County referral hospital from September 2015 to September 2019. Cox proportional hazard model was used to establish the relationship between the survival time of visceral leishmaniasis patients and predictor variables. Data analysis was carried out using R statistical software. The risk factors which were significant predictors for survival time of visceral Leishmaniasis patients included; household design (cracked walls and thatched roof) [β =.435, p=.0001], living near anthills [β =.320, p=.0012], using bed nets [β= -.151, p=.0080], contact with infected dogs [β =.200, p=.0006], forest surroundings [β=.151, p=.0340] and sleeping outside at night [β =.169, p=.0260]. In conclusion, there was an increased case of visceral Leishmaniasis among patients who are not using bed nets, those living in cracked mud walls, those living near the forest, residing near ant hills, sleeping outside, and those in contact with infected dogs. The study recommended adopting appropriate practices such as avoiding contact with infected dogs, using bed nets at night, clearing forests surrounding homesteads, avoiding sleeping in the open at night, and reducing house proximity to ant hills and termite mounds to reduce the transmission from Visceral Leishmaniasis.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Statistical Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at Marsabit County Referral Hospital
AU  - Elias Elema Guyo
AU  - Tum Isaac Kipkosgei
AU  - Mathew Kosgei
Y1  - 2023/07/17
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
SP  - 82
EP  - 86
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9006
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231204.13
AB  - Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar, is a tropical infectious disease caused by female sandflies. It affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Globally, an estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. In Kenya, 4000 cases occur while 5 million people are at risk of infection. The purpose of the study was to evaluate risk factors for visceral Leishmaniasis. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data from 2890 visceral leishmaniasis patients enrolled at Marsabit County referral hospital from September 2015 to September 2019. Cox proportional hazard model was used to establish the relationship between the survival time of visceral leishmaniasis patients and predictor variables. Data analysis was carried out using R statistical software. The risk factors which were significant predictors for survival time of visceral Leishmaniasis patients included; household design (cracked walls and thatched roof) [β =.435, p=.0001], living near anthills [β =.320, p=.0012], using bed nets [β= -.151, p=.0080], contact with infected dogs [β =.200, p=.0006], forest surroundings [β=.151, p=.0340] and sleeping outside at night [β =.169, p=.0260]. In conclusion, there was an increased case of visceral Leishmaniasis among patients who are not using bed nets, those living in cracked mud walls, those living near the forest, residing near ant hills, sleeping outside, and those in contact with infected dogs. The study recommended adopting appropriate practices such as avoiding contact with infected dogs, using bed nets at night, clearing forests surrounding homesteads, avoiding sleeping in the open at night, and reducing house proximity to ant hills and termite mounds to reduce the transmission from Visceral Leishmaniasis.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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